Clive Bells Essay on Art essays

Clive Bell's Essay on Art essays In his essay, entitled "Art," Clive Bell proposes that there is one element that coheres all works of art considered great in the world. "There must be some one quality without which a work of art cannot exist; possessing which, in the least degree, no work is altogether worthless. What is this quality'" In other words, Bell accepts that there must be some aesthetic standards by which to judge all works of art. However, Bell acknowledges that the body of art produced in and by the world's artists is multifaceted in its character, depending on the era when it was produced, the artist who produced it, and the medium in which it was produced. Early on in his essay, Bell states that to define the core query behind all of art criticism is to ask, "What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions'" It is not enough to say that adherence to reality or beauty is the standard, otherwise a functional Persian bowl might be ranked above a masterpiece of fruit in a bowl painted by Czanne. Bell states, "only one answer seems possible - significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions." Thus, although the use of the term significant form' might on its surface to suggest that the standards Bell judges works of art by are quite standardized. But really, what "significant form" means is the visceral yet aesthetic impression that a work of art is apt to have upon a gazer. This is why, for Bell, "people who respond immediately and surely to works of artin my judgment, [are] more enviable than men of massive intellect [who are] are often quite as incapable of talking sense about aesthetics." Bell defends the common gazer, in essence, who looks upon a piece of art and intuitively responds to its construction. For instance, Bell might say that the p...

B-17 Flying Fortress in World War II

B-17 Flying Fortress in World War II B-17G Flying Fortress Specifications General Length: 74 ft. 4 in.Wingspan: 103 ft. 9 in.Height: 19 ft. 1 in.Wing Area: 1,420 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 36,135 lbs.Loaded Weight: 54,000 lbs.Crew: 10 Performance Power Plant: 4 Ãâ€" Wright R-1820-97 Cyclone turbo-supercharged radial engines, 1,200 hp eachRange: 2,000 milesMax Speed: 287 mphCeiling: 35,600 ft. Armament Guns: 13 Ãâ€" .50 in (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine gunsBombs: 4,500-8,000 lbs. depending on range B-17 Flying Fortress- Design Development: Seeking an effective heavy bomber to replace the Martin B-10, the U.S. Army Air Corps (USAAC) issued a call for proposals on August 8, 1934. Requirements for the new aircraft included the ability to cruise at 200 mph at 10,000 ft. for ten hours with a useful bomb load. While the USAAC desired a range of 2,000 miles and top speed of 250 mph, these were not required. Eager to enter the competition, Boeing assembled a team of engineers to develop a prototype. Led by E. Gifford Emery and Edward Curtis Wells, the team began drawing inspiration from other company designs such as the Boeing 247 transport and XB-15 bomber. Constructed at the companys expense, the team developed the Model 299, which was powered by four Pratt Whitney R-1690 engines and was capable of lifting a 4,800 lb. bomb load. For defense, the aircraft had five mounted machine guns. This imposing look led Seattle Times reporter Richard Williams to dub the aircraft the Flying Fortress. Seeing the advantage to the name, Boeing quickly trademarked it and applied to the new bomber. On July 28, 1935, the prototype first flew with Boeing test pilot Leslie Tower at the controls. With the initial flight a success, the Model 299 was flown to Wright Field, Ohio for trials. At Wright Field, the Boeing Model 299 competed against the twin-engined Douglas DB-1 and Martin Model 146 for the USAAC contract. Competing in the fly-off, the Boeing entry displayed superior performance to the competition and impressed Major General Frank M. Andrews with the range that a four-engine aircraft offered. This opinion was shared by the procurement officers and Boeing was awarded a contract for 65 aircraft. With this in hand, development of the aircraft continued through the fall until an accident on October 30 destroyed the prototype and halted the program. B-17 Flying Fortress- Rebirth As a result of the crash, Chief of Staff General Malin Craig cancelled the contract and purchased aircraft from Douglas instead. Still interested in the Model 299, now dubbed YB-17, the USAAC utilized a loophole to purchase 13 aircraft from Boeing in January 1936. While 12 were assigned to the 2nd Bombardment Group for developing bombing tactics, the last aircraft was given to the Material Division at Wright Field for flight testing. A fourteenth aircraft was also built and upgraded with turbochargers that increased speed and ceiling. Delivered in January 1939, it was dubbed B-17A and became the first operational type. B-17 Flying Fortress- An Evolving Aircraft Only one B-17A was built as Boeing engineers worked tirelessly to improve the aircraft as it moved into production. Including a larger rudder and flaps, 39 B-17Bs were built before switching to the B-17C, which possessed an altered gun arrangement. The first model to see large-scale production, the B-17E (512 aircraft) had the fuselage extended by ten feet as well as the addition of more powerful engines, a larger rudder, a tail gunner position, and an improved nose. This was further refined to the B-17F (3,405) which appeared in 1942. The definitive variant, the B-17G (8,680) featured 13 guns and a crew of ten. B-17 Flying Fortress- Operational History The first combat use of the B-17 came not with the USAAC (U.S. Army Air Forces after 1941), but with the Royal Air Force. Lacking a true heavy bomber at the start of World War II, the RAF purchased 20 B-17Cs. Designating the aircraft Fortress Mk I, the aircraft performed poorly during high-altitude raids in the summer of 1941. After eight aircraft were lost, the RAF transferred the remaining aircraft to Coastal Command for long-range maritime patrols. Later in the war, additional B-17s were purchased for use with Coastal Command and the aircraft was credited with sinking 11 u-boats. B-17 Flying Fortress- Backbone of the USAAF With the United States entrance into the conflict after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the USAAF began deploying B-17s to England as part of the Eighth Air Force. On August 17, 1942, American B-17s flew their first raid over occupied Europe when they struck railroad yards at Rouen-Sotteville, France. As American strength grew, the USAAF took over daylight bombing from the British who had switched to night attacks due to heavy losses. In the wake of the January 1943 Casablanca Conference, American and British bombing efforts were directed into Operation Pointblank, which sought to establish air superiority over Europe. Key to the success of Pointblank were attacks against the German aircraft industry and Luftwaffe airfields. While some initially believed that the B-17s heavy defensive armament would protect it against enemy fighter attacks, missions over Germany quickly disproved this notion. As the Allies lacked a fighter with sufficient range to protect bomber formations to and from targets in Germany, B-17 losses quickly mounted during 1943. Bearing the brunt of the USAAFs strategic bombing workload along with the B-24 Liberator, B-17 formations took shocking casualties during missions such as the Schweinfurt-Regensburg raids. Following Black Thursday in October 1943, which resulted in the loss of 77 B-17s, daylight operations were suspended pending the arrival of a suitable escort fighter. These arrived in early 1944 in the form of the North American P-51 Mustang and drop tank-equipped Republic P-47 Thunderbolts. Renewing the Combined Bomber Offensive, B-17s incurred much lighter losses as their little friends dealt with the German fighters. Though German fighter production was not damaged by Pointblank raids (production actually increased), B-17s aided in winning the war for air superiority in Europe by forcing the Luftwaffe into battles in which its operational forces were destroyed. In the months after D-Day, B-17 raids continued to strike German targets. Strongly escorted, losses were minimal and largely due to flak. The final large B-17 raid in Europe occurred on April 25, 1945. During the fighting in Europe, the B-17 developed a reputation as an extremely rugged aircraft capable of sustaining heavy damage and remaining aloft. B-17 Flying Fortress- In the Pacific The first B-17s to see action in the Pacific was a flight of 12 aircraft that arrived during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Their expected arrival contributed to the American confusion just prior to the attack. In December 1941, B-17s were also in service with the Far East Air Force in the Philippines. With the beginning of the conflict, they were quickly lost to enemy action as the Japanese overran the area. B-17s also took part in the Battles of Coral Sea and Midway in May and June 1942. Bombing from high altitude, they proved unable to hit targets at sea, but were also safe from Japanese A6M Zero fighters. B-17s had more success in March 1943 during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. Bombing from medium altitude rather than high, they sank three Japanese ships. Despite this victory, the B-17 was not as effective in the Pacific and the USAAF transitioned aircrews to other types by mid-1943. During the course of World War II, the USAAF lost around 4,750 B-17s in combat, nearly a third of all built. USAAF B-17 inventory peaked in August 1944 at 4,574 aircraft. In the war over Europe, B-17s dropped 640,036 tons of bombs on enemy targets. B-17 Flying Fortress- Final Years: With the end of the war, the USAAF declared the B-17 obsolete and the majority of the surviving aircraft were returned to the United States and scrapped. Some aircraft were retained for search and rescue operations as well as photo reconnaissance platforms into the early 1950s. Other aircraft were transferred to the U.S. Navy and redesignated PB-1. Several PB-1s were fitted with the APS-20 search radar and used as antisubmarine warfare and early warning aircraft with designation PB-1W. These aircraft were phased out in 1955. The U.S. Coast Guard also utilized the B-17 after the war for iceberg patrols and search and rescue missions. Other retired B-17s saw later service in civilian uses such as aerial spraying and fire fighting. During its career, the B-17 saw active duty with numerous nations including the Soviet Union, Brazil, France, Israel, Portugal, and Colombia. Selected Sources Boeing B-17G Flying Fortress.†Ã‚  National Museum of the USAF, 14 Apr. 2015The Life and Times of Antoine De Saint-Exupry, www.aviation-history.com/boeing/b17.html.

Why I Chose Business Administration Personal Statement

Why I Chose Business Administration - Personal Statement Example I believe that I am born with the innate passion in leading and managing people, earning profits, and developing more innovative products in order to suit the emerging needs of other people. Ever since I was a child, I hope to lead a business organization to success. I have always wanted been fascinated with how a company functions specifically on how it defines itself, formulates its strategies, and execute them in order to realize its numerous goals and objectives. Thus, I hope to acquire strengths and competencies which will enable me to fulfill my childhood dream of becoming instrumental in the success of a business organization. Being blessed with the abundance of oil and fuel in its ground, Saudi Arabia has almost always been connoted with the global oil industry. Little did other people know that the country offers vast potentials aside from fuel and I have always wanted to contribute in unlocking and furthering the interest of other sectors in the society. I believe that I will be most able to accomplish this by equipping myself with adequate knowledge and skills in managing a business organization. Understanding the internal and external influences in a company will make me capable of running an efficient organization while promoting healthy competition and providing job to people. I believe that the private sector needs a leader which will help business organizations cope with the changes in this global economy. The economy is referred to as entering the phase of hypercompetition where competition is tough and customers are more discriminating. Alongside, there is a need for companies to evolve in order to cope with these rapid changes which is sweeping the global economy. My decision to pursue business administration can also be warranted by my desire to take part of this transition. It is my dream to contribute in making decisions in a more compelling business environment. Pursuing a degree in business administration highlights my commitment in setting a career in the private sector. My passion for this field coupled with my interest in enhancing Saudi Arabia's business sector and aim to contribute in the emerging global economy are all accounted for in this decision. I know that in time, these goals will be realized after securing my degree. Outline Why I Chose Business Administration Thesis: I choose business administration in order to uplift Saudi Arabia's private sector, to fulfill my in born passion, and to enhance my knowledge in the global economy. I. Introduction II. Why I Chose Business Administration A. To uplift Saudi Arabia's private sector B. To fulfill my innate passion C. To enhance my knowl

Final Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Final Project - Essay Example The liquidity ratios assesses a company’s ability to meet short term obligations, profitability ratios helps in assessing a company’s profitability and solvency ratios helps in gauging a company’s ability to meet long term obligations. Ratio analysis helps in identifying various trends and helps in identifying potential strengths and weaknesses of a company. The following is the ratio analysis of MNQ Company: Liquidity Ratios: The current ratio is an indicator of company’s liquidity and helps in assessing the company’s ability to meet short term obligations. MNQ Company’s current ratio has remained under 1 for the 5 years from 2004 to 2008. This shows that the company is facing liquidity issues since the current liabilities are greater than current assets. The current ratio of the company increased in 2007 to 0.98 times and fell to 0.92 times in 2008 and the company has to make efforts to improve its current ratio. Moreover, MNQ Companyâ€⠄¢s quick ratio has also deteriorated to 0.69 times. Quick ratio also helps in assessing a company’s liquidity and deterioration in quick ratio further indicates that MNQ Company’s liquidity position has worsened in 2008. The cash ratio is the strictest measure of a company’s liquidity. MNQ Company’s cash ratio has remained stable from 2004 to 2008. Overall, the company’s liquidity position is not very healthy. Solvency Ratios: The debt ratio indicates a company’s ability to repay its obligations and specifies the percentage of assets that are financed with debt. The total debt ratio of MNQ Company has fallen from 64% in 2004 to 59% in 2008. This is a good sign since the company is reducing its reliance on debt. Companies that have high debt in their capital structure are very risky since most of the cash flows are directed towards debt servicing. But in the case of MNQ Company, the debt ratio has declined and the company has improved its ov erall solvency position. The times interest earned assesses the ability of the company to service the interest payments to its debt holders. MNQ Company’s times interest earned ratio decreased in 2005 but then showed significant improvement. Currently this ratio stands at 11 times and this shows good standing of the company in terms of interest servicing. The company’s EBIT has fluctuated from 2004 to 2008 which has led to fluctuation I the times interest earned ratio. However, MNQ Company has a high times interest earned ratio of 11 times which shows its strong ability to make timely interest payments to its creditors. Cash Coverage of the company is 18.57 times and has increased from 17.34 times in 2004. Cash coverage ratio also shows the company’s ability to pay the interest payments. MNQ Company has a high cash coverage ratio which shows that the company has significant resources to make timely in

Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Process - Essay Example Picking the correct restaurant is the first step in a dining program in Korea. There are different speciality restaurants in Korea; all have different types of foods and serving habits. Check the restaurant’s name or advertisements before entering the restaurant. The selection of the hotel/restaurant must be taken only based on your eating habits. Most of the restaurants have their names indicating their speciality of foods serving there. It may be a difficult decision for you; but select the restaurant properly; otherwise you will not get the proper food which you are looking for and will be disappointed later. After selecting the hotel/restaurant, the second step is making sure that you order only one or two kinds of food. This is because of the fact that the Koreans serve wide variety of foods even if you order only one or two kinds of foods. Most of the single orders accompanied with more than ten kinds of appetizers to everyone; which means if you order more things, the varieties of foods you are getting will be more than what you can consume. This will result in lot of wastages in food items you purchased. Third, order only one meal less than what you actually require. This is because the size or volume of the food will be more that what you have anticipated. It is not possible for a single person to eat all the foods provided for a single order. So if your group consist of four members, order only for three which will be more than enough. If your group consist of eight members, order only for 6 members. Same way you can plan the number of foods based on the number of members in your group. You are not wasting any foods and at the same time you can save a substantial amount of money also by ordering less number of foods. To conclude, while taking foods in Korea, you have to select the proper restaurant first based on your choice of food; then order

Software testing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Software testing - Essay Example It is the duty of the programmer to select a feasible technique which is available at the time of test so that the required information about the application can be obtained (Savenkov, 2008). The test does not only give objective view on the risks but also on the quality of that given product that is being developed. According to Meyer (2008), software testing can be done immediately an executable application is available. In most instances, the approach which is being used in the software development process will dictate when the testing will be done and how it will be carried out. When the phased process is being used by the developers, then tests will be run and done immediately after the definition of the system requirements. On the other hand, when the Agile approach is being used, the programming process and the testing are done concurrently. During designing and building of an application, the programmer may make mistakes in causing defects. Defects are the flaws that are found in the software. When the results obtained when the application is executed deviates from what was expected, then it is an indication that there are defects in that particular software. It implies that any kind of deviation from the specifications that are given at the beginning of the design and development process will result in defects. On the other hand, when software does not meet the needs and expectations of the end users, then it can be said that it has carrying bugs. The bugs may be caused by error in logic or coding (Rodrà ­guez, Llana & Rabanal, 2014). Thus, the testing process is done with the intention of unraveling the bugs and defects. When the tests yield a large number of errors and defects then it will be referred to as a Buggy software. Edsger Dijkstra, a key figure in the field of computer science claimed that the software testing does not show the absence of bugs and faults but

He ability of private individuals to seek damages for breaches in the Essay

He ability of private individuals to seek damages for breaches in the EU competition law - Essay Example This essay discusses that since last twenty years, the enforcement of European competition law has major changes. Particularly the enactment of Regulation 1/2003 that brought a remarkable shift towards the decentralized enforcement of the competition rules and the opportunity for the national courts to rule on private antitrust cases.However, the position of private enforcement of European competition law is less clear than the status of the public enforcement within the European Competition Network that seems to become a significant achievement. According to a study on the condition of claims for damages in case of infringements of EC competition rules in August 2004 (which was prepared for the European Commission), it concluded â€Å"The picture that emerges from the present study on damages actions for breach of competition law in the enlarged EU is one of astonishing diversity and total underdevelopment".As a result of that comparative report, the European Commission was able to identify the obstacles to activate the private enforcement of competition law within the Member States and consider the means by which a more effective system of private antitrust enforcement could be facilitated and improved. The comparative analysis of the different legal systems in the EU has shown a huge disparity in the member states controlling of competition law claims. Procedural disparities between national legal systems in the EU are tending to encourage forum shopping in cross-border cases. Before bringing an action, claimants involved in cross-border activity can be expected to scrutinize the advantages and disadvantages of national jurisdictions before bringing an action for damages in one or several member states. Although the EU member states are obliged to give direct effect to EC law, the procedures they adopt for private enforcement cases are governed at a national level. Any changes to national law in one member state, such as those recently implemented in German y, do not affect other member states. This tension between national procedural law and EC law needs to be reconciled if a uniform effective system can be adopted throughout the EU4. In this essay, it will firstly identify the obstacles that make it so difficult for the private individuals to seek damages for breaches of EU competition law. Then, it will examine the most important development of private enforcement field in the UK, Germany and Italy, as these States considered to have attractive jurisdictions for private actions against infringements of EU competition law. The essay will conclude by illustrating the European Commission attempts to ensure that private enforcements in EU competition law are very effective and sufficient. European Commission achieved this goal by publishing the Green Paper in 2005 and followed by the White Paper in 2008. The remarkable Courage5 decision by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), gained increasing attention in which the private individuals have the right to sue for damages as a consequence of infringements of EC competition rules, (particularly damages suffered from breaches of Art 101 and Art 102 TFEU). One of the most important reasons of the long absence of the private antirust from the competition policy is the unique system of Europe. This means that the European Commission and European Courts have a slight influence on private antitrust litigations since they are very present in public competition law enforcement. Moreover, the European Courts are not competent to hear claims on private enforceme